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Business Travel, a Driver of International Trade Hindered by Immigration Restrictions

Immigration restrictions, particularly visa policies, greatly hinder these movements, increasing costs for companies and limiting their competitiveness in foreign markets. For Schengen Area member countries, visas reduce trade by 25%, and even more for differentiated goods. In contrast, the facilitation of business visas included in free-trade agreements, even when these provisions are not subject to a dispute resolution mechanism, leads to an increase in business travel and, consequently, an average growth of 15% in bilateral trade, all without increasing permanent migration.


 
Le blog du CEPII
May 5, 2025  
Bilateral Vulnerability to Imports Is Higher in the United States than in Europe
Kevin Lefebvre, Pauline Wibaux
The tariff strategy implemented since Donald Trump's inauguration has drawn attention to the extent of the U.S. economy's dependence on imports. The European Union (EU) ranks second among the suppliers on which the United States relies the most.
Trade & Globalization
Competitiveness & Growth
Emerging Countries
Environment & Natural Resources
Europe
Migrations
Money & Finance
Economic Policy


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Analysis and debates


Does Immigration Affect Native Wages?
A Meta-Analysis


The impact of immigration on native workers’ wages has been a long-standing debate in labour and international economics. This meta-analysis synthesises findings from 88 studies published between 1985 and 2023, providing a comprehensive assessment of reduced-form estimates of the wage effect of immigration. The results align with the existing literature, showing that the average wage effect is centered around zero, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. The authors highlight the critical role of contexts and methodological choices in shaping wage estimates. In particular, they find that shift-share instrumental variables correct for an upward bias of the OLS. The findings emphasise the need for replication studies and greater transparency in methodological choices. Continue reading >>

Publications
L’approvisionnement russe de produits duals face aux sanctions

Business Travel, a Driver of International Trade Hindered by Immigration Restrictions

Au-delà du coût de l’énergie : la demande, ce facteur oublié de la compétitivité

Carbon Bias of Tariffs: Are Fossil fuels the Culprits?

Does Immigration Affect Native Wages? A Meta-Analysis

The Vicious Circle of Xenophobia: Immigration and Right-Wing Populism

Quelle stratégie pour l’Union européenne face au protectionnisme américain ?

Working Around Sanctions. What Cost to Russia?

Trump 2.0 Tariffs: What Cost for the World Economy?

Health Products in International Trade: a Full-Fledged Industry Grouping

CEPII Region Profiles: indicators, databases and classifications

CEPII Country Profiles: indicators, databases and classifications


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